Essay on The Use of Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory in...

Lev Semenovich Vygotsky, a Constructive Learning theorist, was born and raised in a small Russian village called Orscha. He grew up in a well educated family, where his father was a banker. Throughout his early childhood, Vygotsky was tutored at home by a paid teacher. It wasn’t until he was a junior in high school when Vygotsky had his first experience with public schools. Vygotsky was always an exceptional student who enjoyed spending his free time writing. By the time Vygotsky turned 18, he wrote and published his first essay entitled â€Å"Hamlet†. Although he had a love for philosophy, history, and literature, in 1913 Vygotsky enrolled at the University of Moscow as a medical student. It didn’t take long for him to realize the†¦show more content†¦His thinking was influenced by Piaget, and Vygotsky actively tried to initiate a dialogue with Piaget about certain points of disagreements† (Broderick Blewitt, 2009, p.101). Vygotsky believe d a child’s cognitive development was gained through the interaction of one’s culture, as well as language, which is what prompted his theoretical perception development known as Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory. â€Å"Vygotsky’s promising life was cut short in 1934, when he succumbed to an attack of tuberculosis. In Vygotsky, we have another example of a truly great mind whose ideas have inspired the work of many students of cognitive development† (Broderick Blewitt, 2009, p.101). Sociocultural Theory Unlike Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory, which stresses that cognitive development was expected to mature through self initiated discovery, Lev Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory places greater emphasis on the influence a child’s culture, social factor, and language. Meaning, Vygotsky believed a child learns more from personal interaction with in his/her culture, rather than through individual experiences of chance and random. Social interaction with one’s culture plays a tremendous role in the cognitive development of an individual. Culturally specific tools and language, taught and passes from generation to generation, are perceived practice for one’s survival in socialShow MoreRelatedThe Sociocultural Theory Essay1710 Words   |  7 Pages The sociocultural theory was developed by a theorist named Lev Vygotsky. Vygotsky was born in 1896 and was from the former Soviet Union. He was a psychologist who had an abundance of ideas and put them into many theories and writings. Although Vygotsky died from tuberculosis at the young age of thirty-eight, his most prominent work was done in a short period of ten years. When he died in 1934, the Soviet Union held most of his work and it was not until about 1960 that his work was translated intoRead MoreLev Vygotsky And The Sociocultural Theory Of Development1016 Words   |  5 Pagesdeveloped and introduced the Sociocultural Theory of development that was heavily dependent on the influence of environmental factors—such as social groups, culture and institutions—on the cognitive development of children. Although Vygotsky constructed his theory during the late 1920s to early 1930s, it did not gain popularity till â€Å"the recent translation and republication of his work into English in 1962† (Burkholder and Pelà ¡ez 2000). The development of Vygotsky’s theory was also heavily influencedRead MoreThe Theory Of Cognitive Development10 25 Words   |  5 PagesMany philosophers have developed theories of how individuals learn over the decades. As an individual progresses through life from childhood to adulthood, the manner in which they take in knowledge, and mature is the basic theory of cognitive development. Cognitive development can be described as how an individual’s thought process develops, and how these thought processes impact how an individual comprehends and interacts in the world. The psychology theorists of the past have shaped the classroomsRead MoreSociocultural Learning Affects the Development of Children Essay1491 Words   |  6 PagesSociocultural Learning Affects the Development of Children ECE 101 Professor Kara Bullock Chakera Simon October 12, 2010 Sociocultural Learning Affects the Development of Children Lev Vygotsky believed that children learn from their own experience. As a teacher I have grown to learn that Vygotsky’s findings are true in so many ways. Just from watching the children in my classroom I see that the Zone of Proximal Development and Scaffolding play a huge part in the development of a child. Read MoreVygotskys Sociocultural Theory and Hong Kong1024 Words   |  5 PagesVygotsky’s sociocultural theory focused on the affect of the surroundings, namely the culture, peers, and adults, on the developing child. Vygotsky proposed the â€Å"zone of proximal development† (ZPD) to explain the influence of the cultural context. ZPD refers to the range of tasks which a child cannot finish alone since they are too difficult, but such tasks can be completed with guidance and aid from more-skilled individuals. The lower limit of ZPD is the level of skill that the children can reachRead MoreSimilarities Between Piaget And Vygotsky And Cognitive Development953 Words   |  4 PagesDEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGIST This paper will explore two influential men whose theories have a remarkable influence on development and learning. Second, this essay will examine Piaget and Vygotsky’s background, each hypothesis as it relates to cognitive development and education, the similarities and differences, the impact of having better insight into and understanding the concept of learning. Developmental science involves looking at the entire realm of human thought, behavior, and expression (SteinbergRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development850 Words   |  4 Pagesthe senses and experiences. Conceptual skills are higher level processing, such as, making decisions and problem solving (Hooper and Umansky, 2014). Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development and Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory are influential in our understanding of cognitive development for typical and atypical children. Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development suggests two stages of development, sensorimotor and preoperational thoughts. These two stages describe children to the age 7 or 8 yearsRead MoreSociocultural Theory And Social Rules1726 Words   |  7 Pages When looking at sociocultural factors one is faced with a variety of models that attempt to provide a social explanation of how language is acquired. This includes an examination of such influences as the social characteristics of the setting and the learner and the social rules for second language use. While typically associated with these models, Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, which is based in his study of psychology, does not attempt to use culture to explain how language is acquired. InsteadRead MoreA Comparative Analysis Of Theories Of Vygotsky And Piaget1446 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper is a comparative analysis of the theories of Vygotsky and Piaget with emphasis on how the role of cultural context in child development is present in each of the theories. An in depth examination of each theory will be completed so as to give a clear understanding of the theories. The paper will also focus on the similarities and differences of the theories. Jean Piaget (1896 - 1980) was a developmental psychologist who introduced the theory of cognitive development in children. PiagetRead MoreThe Theories Of Piaget And Vygotsky On Childhood Development1703 Words   |  7 PagesBochner Karuse, 2013, p. 56). Their theories are complimentary and provide a more rigorous comprehension of childhood development (Shayer, M., 2003, p. 465). Their varying principles are applicable to many situations concerning the development of children. The focuses of Piaget and Vygotsky on the ways of childhood development differ. Piaget was focused on the four developmental stages of cognitive growth in his Theory of Cognitive Development, whilst Vygotsky’s principles were based on development

The Ladder Of Divine Ascent, By St. John Climacus Essay

Religion is a personal belief or faith in God or different Gods. The different perspectives of seeing God has been a controversy for centuries. Different religions and doctrines have had a great impact in our society. Many have suffered for various ways to worship God. Others are still wondering what to believe in, while important philosophers have their own conclusions over what religion consists of. Therefore, Christians have their faith and hope in the God who sent his only child to die for our sins. Good and evil exist and we observe it on a daily basis. Religion takes obedience which is shown in the painting â€Å"The Ladder of Divine Ascent,† by St. John Climacus illustrating the idea that people knew what is right and wrong when following God but for some it was hard to obey Him. I chose my topic on Mandates of Heaven by Lapham’s Quarterly because it is a compelling topic for our ancestors and for these current times. Throughout my analysis I will state why I fee l that the overall issue will continue to go unsolved unless one puts a practice to the test by building a relationship with God. In the preamble Mandates of Heaven Lapham is trying to level out the field by presenting to us the various beliefs of people who have their own thoughts of the identity of God. Many think God is dead because some do not or simply cannot physically prove Jesus exists and has risen from the dead on the third day. However, the central focus of this essay revolves around the thought of how

Reflective Leadership Plan Free Essays

A person with average charisma can be a superior leader. I consider myself to be a leader with average charisma and I am set on changing the world. I am a leader who has an exceptional relationship with my followers and it goes beyond setting goals, using resources, and conducting business (Nahavandi, 2006). We will write a custom essay sample on Reflective Leadership Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now My students do not see me as merely an Instructor but as role model and/or hero. One characteristic that defines charismatic leaders is their self-confidence in their own abilities and in the correctness and the moral righteousness of their beliefs and actions (Bass, 1985). Whereas noncharismatic leaders doubt themselves in the face of failure and criticism, charismatic leaders seem to know they are right and project that confidence. My high level of confidence in their actions motivates my students and creates a self-fulfilling prophecy. Along with a high level of self-confidence, I exhibit high energy levels. I am enthusiastic about my ideas and actions, I am highly expressive, and I use my nonverbal cues to lend support to my students’ verbal messages. Charismatic leaders are masterful impression managers (Conger, 1989 House, 1977). They surround themselves with dramatic and mystical symbols that further enhance the image of the leader as a larger-than-life figure. I believe that we are born with the traits to become great leaders. Leadership can come in different forms and from all backgrounds. Having all the right conditions in place will not guarantee leadership. I have come across leaders with all the right conditions who failed by performance when given the opportunity. I have also come across the uneducated with no support system who becomes business owners and community leaders. First, leadership is a group phenomenon; there can be no leaders without followers. Leadership always involves interpersonal influence or persuasion. Second, leadership is goal directed and plays an active role in groups and organizations. Leaders use influence to guide others through a certain course of action or toward the achievement of certain goals. Third, the presence of leaders assumes some form of hierarchy within a group. As far as my leadership style goes. I am more task oriented, according to the â€Å"What’s my Leadership Style Assessment†. I have little concern for people and more concern for completing the task. My leadership style would not work because I need more balance between the tasks and the people. This is something I would have to work on. My goal is to be a charismatic transformational leader. My current leadership style would create a problem in an organization. Gaining concern for the people would be one way my leadership style would become more effective. Getting more involved in the wants and needs of the people could aid in transforming my leadership style. I would also like to hear suggestions from my followers. As a transformational leader, I would have to bring about change, innovation, and entrepreneurship. Transformational leaders are social and are capable of being learned and managed. It’s a leadership process that is organized. The process consists of meaningful searches for change, orderly analysis, and the ability to move resources from areas of lesser to greater productivity. Strategic transformation of an organization is not something that happens exclusively through the unique behavior of charismatic intellects, it is a discipline with a set of predicted steps. Transforming an organization to make it strategically economical is a multifaceted task. However, the proof that has been gathered shows that transformation can be thought about and acted on within a framework that’s easy to understand (Tichy and Devanna, 1990). To help in the development of my leadership style I would like to transform an organization. Though this may be a challenge, I know that it will involve both joys and sorrows. Winning/beating the competition is exciting, but it’s painful to lay off workers, sell off businesses, and disrupt traditions. These occurrences are often part of a renewal, for what worked in the past may have become the cause of failure in the present. Transforming an organization also requires new vision, new frames for thinking about strategy, structure, and people. Some entrepreneurs can start with a clean slate, but transformational leaders begin with what is already in place. They are like architects who must redesign outmoded factories for a new use (Tichy and Devanna, 1990). Transformational Leadership Theory states that transformational leaders provide people with support by engaging with them in a way where the leaders and followers raise each other to higher levels of motivation and morality (Burns, 1978). Leaders encourage followers to accept the disappointments without feeling as if they had failed at specific tasks As a future transformational leader, I must identify myself as a change agent. My image, both professional and personal, is to make a difference in the organization and to transform it. I must be a courageous wise risk taker, who is not afraid to take a stand. I will believe in my people and have sensitivity them but yet powerful which leads to the empowerment of them. My drive is value and I will be able to articulate a set of essential beliefs and show behavior that is quite constant with my positions. I am a lifelong learner with the ability to talk about my mistakes so that I can correct them. I will have a gift to deal with complexity, ambiguity, and uncertainty. I will learn to cope with problems in a tough, altering economy. And have a vision of what I want in my organization and be able to translate those dreams and images so that other people could share them (Tichy and Devanna, 1990). Transformational leaders are supportive of their people by helping them to replace past glories with future opportunities. This will happen only if they are able to acknowledge individual struggle that has come from a sense of loss in the transition. Leaders should encourage employees to accept the failures without feeling as if they had failed. It does not help to treat transitions as if the past did not exist. The past will hold the key to understanding what went wrong as well as what worked and can frequently provide a useful map to the future. Transformational leaders are being asked to address not only economic issues but also moral issues. Transformational leaders must be prepared to deal with a world in which resources are increasingly scarce and change happens more rapidly. All of the traits of a charismatic transformational leader are areas that I need to work on to become my best. This will be overcome by my class teachings and readings. To ensure that I am on the right path, I will implement a survey that will be administered to my followers. This survey will entail all of the key aspects of becoming a charismatic transformational leader. Depending on the results of the survey, I will make adjustments accordingly. Although competence and cognitive ability might be keys for success when working alone, leadership requires successful interaction with others and the ability to motivate them to accomplish goals. I can be the first to admit that I work better alone. I feel that I can get the job done faster when there are no interruptions. EI/EQ is a central factor in several leadership processes, particularly in the development of charismatic and transformational leadership, where the emotional bond between leaders and followers is imperative. Being able to empathize with followers can further allow me to develop followers and create a consensus. Some researchers suggest that emotional intelligence contributes to effective leadership because an emotionally intelligent leader focuses on followers, on inspiring them, and on developing enthusiasm (George, 2000). How to cite Reflective Leadership Plan, Essays

Consolidate Finance Statement Public Sector â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Consolidate Finance Statement Public Sector? Answer: Introducation This case study that has been provided in this paper has the sole purpose of understanding whether Knapp Ltd is a subsidiary of Leo Ltd or not. With respect to this question, it can be said Knapp Ltd being a subsidiary to Leo Ltd would depend on whether Leo Ltd tries to control Knapp Ltd. In this scenario, as Leo Ltd has a hold on the convertible debentures it does not provide the full power of controlling Knapp ltd to them. It is due to the fact that Mr. Hang has the actual control over Knapp Ltd according to AASB 10, which states that the controlling concept is the capability to control and management, it is even a power to govern and supervise the concept rather than an real controlling concept. In this scenario, it is seen that Leo Ltd has selected Mr Wang in order to lead the team for the manufacturing of a new product line. Mr Wang is therefore named the Managing Director of Knapp Ltd. He is paid an annual salary of $100,000 and $ 10,000 out of the overall money is paid to Mr Wang during the establishment of Knapp Ltd. The amount of $10,000 is invested by Mr Wang in the project and thereby gains the initial issue of 10 shares for the organization and the voting of the ordinary shares. It is even seen that according to this scenario, in accordance to AASB 10, Mr Wang is the authority to control, manage and govern Knapp Ltd as he holds 10 initial issues of voting ordinary shares. Therefore, he would be person has the authority tom take control over the operations of the company and undertake decisions according to his wish in order to develop the new product and establish the company. Mr Wang even has the actual control over Knapp Ltd, but according to AASB 10, the concept of control is the capability to control and the authority to govern the mechanism and not the actual concept of control (Aasb.gov.au. 2017). It can be seen when Leo Ltd transfers $500,000 to Knapp Ltd for 7% 10 year debentures convertible during any point of time into 500 shares of Knapp Ltd which are voting ordinary shares. If Leo Ltd converts these debentures into shares, they would hold the power to control and govern the concept as they would fulfil the obligations of Knapp Ltd of undertaking decisions. It is due to the fact that the constitution of Knapp Ltd ascertains powers for the voting ordinary share holders and the holders of the securities convertible into voting ordinary that is in need of the majority of every class of voting independently (Perera and Chand 2015). The difference between actual control and the capacity to control can be understood properly as it is seen that even though Mr Wang has been chosen for controlling Knapp Ltd, Knapp Ltd may overrule this scenario by converting their debentures into voting ordinary shares. In this respect the actual control would be in the hands of Leo Ltd and the capacity of control would levy on Mr Wang as long as Leo Ltd does not convert their debentures to ordinary voting shares of Knapp Ltd. In this scenario Leo Ltd would be considered as a passive controller. It is due to the fact that Mr Wang, the holder of Knapp Ltd is currently exercisable instrument has the power and the capability to control. Mr Wang has the independent capability to employ the instrument and hereby gain the authority to determine the operating and the financial policy (Pacter 2017). Leo Ltd is considered to be passive controller as they would have the ability to control the proceedings of Knapp Ltd once they convert their convertible debentures in to ordinary voting shares of Knapp Ltd. Once the conversion is completed Leo Ltd would become the active controller. Leo Ltd not implementing the conversion option means that Leo Ltd has implicitly accepted the policies that have been determined by Knapp Ltd. A correlation can be constructed with the delegated authority Mr Wang. Mr Wang has the knowledge that if he fails to gain the acceptance of Leo Ltd for his duties, then Leo Ltd can exercise their control by assistance of converting their debentures (Grossi 2015). The final conclusion that can be concluded that Mr Wang has the controlling power until Leo Ltd chooses not to implement the conversion operations. Leo Ltd does not have the power to make any decisions related to the policy of Knapp Ltd. They have first implement the conversion option of their convertible debentures. Leo Ltd may never incorporate this strategy. In that scenario, Mr Wang has the authority to construct all the policies of Knapp Ltd. Mr Wang hs the present capability to manage and control, this situation would only change if Leo Ltd incorporated their options. Until this action is being taken, Leo does not have the present ability to control. As it is seen that Leo Ltd has not implemented the strategy, there lies a question whether the shareholders of Knapp Ltd requires the information about the mixed entity about both the companies. Another discussion point is whether the chances of implementation of the conversion option should is a segment of the decision making process. With respect to AASB 10, the rights require to be substantive in order to control for their existence. For instance, due to the economic situations Knapp ltd may not require to incorporate the options. If it is unfavourable to the holder of the options to incorporate the options, the holder does not have any control over the other body. Acquisition Analysis: Particulars Carrying Amount Fair Value Net Fair Value Share Capital $125,000 General Reserve $31,250 Retained Earnings $25,000 Plant Machinery 106250 112500 6250 Net Fair Value of Identifiable Assets Liabilities $187,500 Purchase Consideration $200,000 Goodwill $12,500 In the Books of Dean Ltd. Journal Entries Particulars Amount Amount Business Combination Valuation Entries: Accumulated Depreciation A/c. Dr. $18,750 To, Plant Machinery A/c. $12,500 To, Deferred Tax Liability A/c. $1,875 To, Business Combination Valuation Reserve A/c. $4,375 Depreciation Expense A/c. Dr. $625 Retained Earnings (1/1/17) A/c. Dr. $2,500 To, Accumulated Depreciation A/c. $3,125 Deferred Tax Liability A/c. Dr. $938 To, Income Tax Expenses A/c. $188 To, Retained Earnings (1/1/17) A/c. $750 Goodwill A/c. Dr. $12,500 To, Business Combination Valuation Reserve A/c. $12,500 Pre-Acquisition Entries: Share Capital A/c. Dr. $125,000 General Reserve A/c. Dr. $31,250 Retained Earnings (1/1/13) A/c. Dr. $25,000 Business Combination Valuation Reserve A/c. Dr. $18,750 To, Shares in Diane Ltd. A/c. $200,000 Share Capital A/c. Dr. $125,000 General Reserve A/c. Dr. $31,250 Retained Earnings (1/1/17) A/c. Dr. $25,000 Business Combination Valuation Reserve A/c. Dr. $18,750 To, Shares in Diane Ltd. A/c. $200,000 Sale Profit in Closing Inventory: Sales Revenue A/c. Dr. $25,000 To, Cost of Sales A/c. $23,875 To, Inventory A/c. $1,125 Deferred Tax Assets A/c. Dr. $338 To, Income Tax Expenses A/c. $338 Profit in Opening Inventory: Retained Earnings (1/1/17) A/c. Dr. $14,000 Income Tax Expenses A/c. Dr. $6,000 To, Cost of Sales A/c. $20,000 Sale of Equipment: Profit on Sale of Assets A/c. Dr. $42,000 Deferred Tax Assets A/c. Dr. $18,000 To, Machine A/c. $60,000 Accumulated Depreciation A/c. Dr. $5,000 To, Depreciation Expenses A/c. $5,000 Income Tax Expenses A/c. Dr. $1,500 To, Deferred Tax Assets A/c. $1,500 Computer Service Cost: Computer Services Cost A/c. Dr. $36,000 To, Service Revenue A/c. $36,000 Accounts Payable A/c. Dr. $3,000 To, Accounts Receivable A/c. $3,000 Sale of Plant: Retained Earnings (1/1/17) A/c. Dr. $5,600 Deferred Tax Assets A/c. Dr. $2,400 To, Plant A/c. $8,000 Accumulated Depreciation A/c. Dr. $1,600 To, Retained Earnings (1/1/17) A/c. $800 To, Depreciation Expenses A/c. $800 Income Tax Expenses A/c. Dr. $240 Retained Earnings (1/1/17) A/c. Dr. $240 To, Deferred Tax Assets A/c. $480 Final Dividend Declared: Dividend Revenue A/c. Dr. $10,000 To, Dividend Declared A/c. $10,000 Dividend Payable A/c. Dr. $10,000 To, Dividend Receivable A/c. $10,000 Goodwill Impairment: Retained Earnings (1/1/17) A/c. Dr. $1,250 Impairment of Goodwill A/c. Dr. $3,000 To, Accumulated Impairment-Goodwill A/c. $4,250 References Aasb.gov.au. (2017).Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) - Home. [online] Available at: https://www.aasb.gov.au [Accessed 18 Sep. 2017]. Bisogno, M., Santis, S. and Tommasetti, A., 2015. Public-Sector Consolidated Financial Statements: An Analysis of the Comment Letters on IPSASBs Exposure Draft No. 49.International Journal of Public Administration,38(4), pp.311-324. Grossi, G., 2015. Consolidated financial statements in the public sector.Public sector accounting, pp.63-76. Pacter, P., 2017. IASB Corner.The International Journal of Accounting. Perera, D. and Chand, P., 2015. Issues in the adoption of international financial reporting standards (IFRS) for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMES).Advances in Accounting,31(1), pp.165-178. Sinclair, R., Northcott, D. and Hooper, K., 2014. Can sector-specific standards economics the comparability of Third sector organisations' financial statements?.Third Sector Review,20(2), p.27.

Obesity surgery free essay sample

The purpose of this paper is to critically review the research carried out by Ogden, Clementi and Aylwin (2006) on â€Å"The impact of the obesity surgery and the paradox of control: a qualitative study†. This research was carried out to investigate the patient experience on obesity surgery. Therefore, this paper will try to identify the accuracy of the tittle, the rationale behind the research work and its aim. The strengths and weaknesses will be highlighted, literature will be critically review with support from relevant sources, ethical issues, method of analysis and the methodology adopted will be identify (Bryman, 2008). The tittle of this article was clearly stated and concise. Cutcliffe and Ward (2006) point out that the tittle of an article should reflect the content of the work and also stimulate the interest of the reader to read it. Also some of the title words were cited in the keywords subsection (Marshall, 2005; Parahoo, 2006). The credibility of the researchers, undoubtedly the researcher place of work was mentioned appropriately. We will write a custom essay sample on Obesity surgery or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, there is no evidence of two of the researcher being linked to the professional field relevant to the research undertaking. (Ryan et al. 2007). The article went through a rigorous review process before it was accepted for publication (Day, 2012; Benos et al. , 2007). Ogden et al. (2006) was received first in 2004; in final form 2005 and was published in 2006. The reference in the article is up to date (ranging from 1977-200) which shows that the article is supported by rang of studies over an intensive frame of time. Therefore is a scientific article (Shewan and Coats, 2010). The abstract gives a concise overview of the paper, the summary of the introduction, aim of the study, method used and result of the findings (Calmorin and Calmorin, 2008). Also, according to Hek and Moule (2006) an abstract gives a succinct analysis of a study. The research used a qualitative methodology to explore the experience of the participants. Ogden et al. (2006) achieved this by carrying out research on the experience of the participants on obesity surgery which was done in a natural setting (Kylea et al. , 2003; Daymom and Holloway, 2001). More so the flexibility of the research was evident by the use of in-depth interview which gave deeper insight on the phenomenon under study. Boyce and Neala (2006) indicate that in-depth interview is good when the researcher want to understand in detail about experience, thought and behaviour. Although the method the researcher used for data collection is preferred. However, the response of the participant to the interview question may be biased (Boyce and Neala op cit 2006). The introduction has background information and offers a theoretical context of study that orientate the reader to the problem (Ellison and McGraw-hill’s, 2010; Marshall, 2004). In addition, the literature was well reviewed through information drawn from valid sources, which showed that Ogden et al,(2006) did a wide and thorough search to compare the pass studied to present study and the literature review were related to their study (Marshall, 2005; Calmorin and Calmorin, 2008). A qualitative researcher should ensure that a good rapport is established with the interviewees (Dicicco-Bloom and Crabtree, 2006). It gives a conducive atmosphere for the respondents to feel at ease and comfortable to provide access to information of their stories (Polit and Beck, 2008). Qualitative researchers should be able to point out the setting where the sample was generate, the sampling method used and describe their sample in terms of characteristics and relevance to the wider population (Aderson, 2010). Although Ogden et al.(2006) presented that 22 patient from a previous quantitative research that had completed their questionnaires were invited to be interviewed, the setting the sample was selected was not mentioned so the appropriateness of the sample cannot be ascertain. According to Polit and Beck (2004) the external validity of a study depends on the adequacy of the sampling design used. Moreover, the researcher was expected to us a sample technique which will put the age range, population and characteristic of the sample into consideration (Profetto-McGrath, Polit and Beck, 2010). Furthermore, the researcher stated the number of participants in the sample; these include 15 out of the 22 people that are invited for the interview. Smith and Osborn (2008) and Carey (2013) noted that sample size depends on a number of factors and that there is no â€Å"right† sample size and that a small sample size is norm in interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) as larger data may lead to loss in meaning of the result. Ogden et al. (2006) used in-depth interview to investigate the experience of the respondents on Obesity Surgery. He pointed out that after the 15 people were interviewed; they assumed to have attained saturation as no fresh theme where emerging and similarity stories were also seen to be emerging, therefore no further interview were arranged. â€Å"Saturation† is a problematic concept in this context. According to Klenke (2008) the concept of saturation is inappropriate. However researchers may present to have attained saturation which they may not be able to explain or prove (Bowen, 2008). The researcher applied ethical consideration by obtaining approval from hospital ethical committee (Denscombe, 2009). However Ogden et al. (2006) did not obtain a written consent from the participants. According to Jefford, (2008) individual has the right to make a â€Å"reasonable† decision to participate or reject. Ogden et al. (2006) used interpretative analysis to analyse their data which is a technique that help in understanding human experience better (Smith, Jarman and Osborn, 1999). Furthermore the researcher showed evidence of peer review evaluation which is essential in qualitative research, where they opted that the transcript were re-read by JO and CC to have good insight of the data (Holloway and Wheeler, 2010). That makes the credibility of their finding unquestionable to some extent. However, the researcher gave room for criticism; they were somehow biased in analysing the data because the entire researcher had already regarded surgery as a positive treatment alternative (LeCompte and Margaret, 2000). In conclusion, although the setting and the sampling method used in generating the sample was not mention, also there was no written consent obtained from the participant. However, the researcher used interpretative phenomenological analysis to analyse the data which is a reliable technique.  Finally it has brought to light the advantage of obesity surgery over behavioural intervention and other health benefit.

The Rise of the New World in The Oresteia

The Rise of the New World in The Oresteia The Rise of the New World in The Oresteia Oh but a mans high daring spirit, Who can account for that? Or womans desperate passion daring past all bounds? She couples with every form of ruin known to mortals (The Libation Bearers 579-81) This lyrical excerpt from the chorus of The Libation Bearers in a highly pensive note marks the finale of the scene that takes place at Agamemnons grave, near the palace of Argos. That is when the two siblings, Orestes and Electra, reunited after a long time, planning the murder of their mother Clytaemnestra and her lover, Aegisthus. It has to be mentioned that matricide or patricide were considered to be the most atrocious crimes in ancient Greece. However, such a dire act was slightly justified by Clytaemnestra, who has murdered the siblings father, and by Apollo who himself requested the punishment. What really stands out here, in The Libation Bearers lament, is the great division between men and women in terms of the source of their madness: the hubris, the excess, the lavishness, all being bringers of doom. Clytaemnestras madness is indirectly but strongly tied to her instincts and sexuality as the desperate passion daring (The Libation Bearers 580). Based on the trilogy, these are the kinds of excesses rendered by the womanhoods greatest asset, the ability to give birth. On the other hand, the hubris of the men is related to boldness, audacity, and overconfidence in a warriors strength. Such distinction between the hubris of the men and that of the women demonstrates a very strong connection between the female and the chthonic forces, and it ties the social function of the master or ruler to masculinity. The chthonic forces of the Greek pantheon are rather ambiguous elements. Aeschylus definitely refers to them in The Oresteia as to the forces of the underworld that is closely tied to fertility as well as to envy, lust, and sensuality. They are depicted as the monsters or creatures of darkness and dread. In order to justify the killing of her husband Agamemnon, Clytaemnestras complex plea put forward the sacrificial rite of her daughter Iphigenia, born in blood and pain, for the purpose of winning the war, denying her maternal right associated with the warrior master. Besides, the image of Iphigenias death on the altar by the insistence on blood and pain depicts a reversed echo of her birth. Even so, this entitlement is soon shadowed to a mere pretext once Clytaemnestra accuses the long absence of Agamemnon from the conjugal bed. Finally, her desperate passion daring in the end satisfied by Aegisthus, is revealed as the real reason that stands behind Clytaemnestra murdering Agamemnon. The elders of the city, representing the chorus of the trilogys first part, are regarding the murderous wife in the terms as depicted above. Thus, they are indignantly contesting any rights her paramour Aegisthus has taken as the new leader of the city. Consequently, Orestes and Electra are not considering Clytaemnestra to be the mother who gave them birth, but as the one who has killed their father, stripped them of all rights, sent them to a social death in favor of her lover. As a lover, Clytaemnestra appears to be a creature of reversed birthing, and Orestes nurse is convinced that the display of her pain about the news of Orestes death is fake. It is said to be a mask underneath which the joy that the potential candidate to the throne of Argos and therefore, her lovers adversary hides, is now gone. These are the results derived from the sequence that ends with The Libation Bearers excerpts at Agamemnons grave. Even there, in a place and at a time where reminiscence and the current state of affairs could have brought it up, nobody, not even Orestes and Electra mentioned the sacrifice of Iphigenia. There was no love that was lost between them and Agamemnon, as it was he who had reduced their social ranking to mere servants, as their status of spoils of war entitled him. If we take in consideration the deities that are joining the family conflict, the Furies on Clytaemnestras side and Apollo on Agamemnons side, and also the fact that the female monsters are the daughters of the Night, who take the interference of the new gods as a trespassing, there is a reason to think that Aeschylus has chosen The Oresteia to celebrate a significant change in the society. The old gods are the chthonic gods, the masters of birth. In the last part of The Oresteia, the chorus of the Furies threatens the citizens of Athens with the drought of the land that would occur if the Areopagus (judicial body assembled by the elders) ruled for Orestes, therefore justifying the murder of his mother and also depriving them of the right to punish him. The new gods, on the other hand, The Olympians, are those of the city. Athena herself, who presides over the trial of Orestes, is a goddess without a mother, who was born from the head of Zeus and represented the full-fledged woman th at was set free because of her connection to the chthonic mystery of blood and pain. The act of revenge in the human world, like the one that started the Trojan War, becomes a struggle of the gods, with dominion being the prize. The triumph of the new gods over the old ones now reduced to positions of underlings and has also a deeper meaning, since it consecrates a downgrade of the woman rights in society. The trial of Orestes also challenges the role of the woman as birthing mother on the grounds of the warrior goddess birth, in favor of the role of nursing mother. Just like the old chthonic gods lost their positions, everything thats tied to them in the new society has to disappear or to be significantly altered to fit the new mindset. Set free from the fears of the daughters of the night, the Areopagus denies women any right to lead, rule, and in general to participate in the life and well-being of the state, in any way. With the exception of Athena herself, the judicial body is comprised only of men. There is no mentioning of any other form of social life anywher e in The Oresteia, because Clytaemnestra, the murderous wife, does not assume the leading role of her husband after having killed him, offering it to Aegisthus, her lover. The old days of the world can only be deduced from the existence of the conflict of the gods which was diplomatically solved in favor of the new gods by means of granting the old temples and offerings from the citizens of Athens. Thus, the old deities that are tamed and are now known by the name of Eumenides can participate in the well-being of the new harmonious way of life. From this perspective, The Oresteia does not only celebrate the triumph of the powers of light, of rightful justice over the dark right of an eye for an eye, but it also celebrates the triumph of a new world, a world of men. The city/state that stands for this new world is a symbol of goddess, but a warrior goddess is a maiden that has no husband. Her other half is her twin brother Apollo, the god of light. The human womanhood, as the subordinate part of mother and wife, will still maintain a guileful role of duplicity, closely tied to the darkness that is ruled by monsters and is seen as the dominant characteristic when the heroine manifests the lover.

Beach Wedding Dresses Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Beach Wedding Dresses - Article Example The researcher states that Sabino points out the fact that it is important to select a beach wedding dress with care. She explains that a long flowing wedding dress is not very practical for a bride who aspires to have a wedding on the beach. Instead, a comfortable hip dress that will exactly fit just right for the casual romantic wedding taking place with waves dancing near the beach, the sun setting on the horizon, and on golden sands would be a perfect choice. In view of the fact that a beach wedding is more informal as opposed to a traditional church wedding, one should choose a style that agrees with the ambiance. While selecting a beach wedding dress, one should not compromise on glamour but should keep it stylish and sleek. This also applies for the groom as well as their party – for a beach wedding, an informal affair is usually the best because of the sun, tuxedos and the sand do not match with formal attire. They should, therefore, go for light-weight natural fibers. As Reilley advises, one can choose a dress with a halter neck, strapless top or spaghetti straps. These are ideal for tanned shoulders’ show off. Alternatively, one can settle on flowing sleeves to provide shelter from the heat. Another option ideal for a beach wedding would be a simple sundress in soft chiffon or linen embroidered with classic or embroidery beads. Making a wedding dress elegant and simple works wonders for a beach wedding. One can choose a-line pattern or a low waist style. If one chooses a very much informal style, she can choose simpler beach wedding dresses in tropical or floral prints. If one is more audacious, she can even go for a bikini and accompany it with a dressy sarong. Since climates at the beaches tend to be windy, one should ensure that the beach wedding gown and hat are secured properly. White, the traditional attire for brides, is appropriate - it blends well with surf and the sand. In place of conventional tiaras, one can go for floral gar lands or head wreaths.